Cellphones are dangerous/not dangerous, hearing loss edition

Apparently, talking on a cellphone for 60 minutes or more per day can result in a partial loss of hearing — at least that’s what some researchers in India are saying. The scientists conducted an experiment to test the correlation of hearing loss to the average use of a cellphone call. The experiment covered 100 participants with cellphone usage ranging from four years and over to just started using a cellphone. The results? Long-time users seemed to suffer some high-frequency hearing loss, usually in their right ears — the ear most commonly used for chatting on the celly. There also seemed to be some correlation between warm, full, or ringing sensations in the ear.

How SMS Works

Just when we're finally used to seeing everybody constantly talking on their cell phones, it suddenly seems like no one is talking at all. Instead, they're typing away on tiny numerical pads, using their cell phones to send quick messages. SMS, or text messaging, has replaced talking on the phone for a new "thumb generation" of texters. In this article, we'll find out how text messaging works, explore its uses and learn why it sometimes takes a while for your text message to get to its recipient.

What is SMS?
SMS AttacksRecently it has been suggested that SMS messages could be used to attack a cell phone system. The basic idea is very simple. If a large number of SMS messages were sent by computers to phones in a small geographical area (like a city), these messages would overwhelm the control channels and make it impossible for the cell phone system to set up calls. Now that cell phone providers know about the possibility of this threat, they can design systems to throttle messages coming from the SMSC onto the network. SMS stands for short message service. Simply put, it is a method of communication that sends text between cell phones, or from a PC or handheld to a cell phone. The "short" part refers to the maximum size of the text messages: 160 characters (letters, numbers or symbols in the Latin alphabet). For other alphabets, such as Chinese, the maximum SMS size is 70 characters.

But how do SMS messages actually get to your phone?
If you have read How Cell Phones Work, you can actually see what is happening. Even if you are not talking on your cell phone, your phone is constantly sending and receiving information. It is talking to its cell phone tower over a pathway called a control channel. The reason for this chatter is so that the cell phone system knows which cell your phone is in, and so that your phone can change cells as you move around. Every so often, your phone and the tower will exchange a packet of data that lets both of them know that everything is OK.

Your phone also uses the control channel for call setup. When someone tries to call you, the tower sends your phone a message over the control channel that tells your phone to play its ring tone. The tower also gives your phone a pair of voice channel frequencies to use for the call. The control channel also provides the pathway for SMS messages. When a friend sends you an SMS message, the message flows through the SMSC, then to the tower, and the tower sends the message to your phone as a little packet of data on the control channel. In the same way, when you send a message, your phone sends it to the tower on the control channel and it goes from the tower to the SMSC and from there to its destination.

The actual data format for the message includes things like the length of the message, a time stamp, the destination phone number, the format, etc. For a complete byte-by-byte breakdown of the message format, see this page. In the next section we'll learn about some of the uses and advantages of SMS.

Why 160 Characters?
SMS was designed to deliver short bursts of data such as numerical pages. To avoid overloading the system with more than the standard forward-and-response operation, the inventors of SMS agreed on a 160-character maximum message size. But the 160-character limit is not absolute. Length limitations may vary depending on the network, phone model and wireless carrier. Some phones don't allow you to keep typing once the 160-character limit is reached. You must send your message before continuing. However, some services will automatically break any message you send into chunks of 160 characters or less. So, you can type and send a long message, but it will be delivered as several messages.

Why use SMS?
SMS has several advantages. It is more discreet than a phone conversation, making it the ideal form for communicating when you don't want to be overheard. It is often less time-consuming to send a text message than to make a phone call or send an e-mail. SMS doesn't require you to be at your computer like e-mail and instant messaging (IM) do -- although some phones are equipped for mobile e-mail and IM services.

SMS is also a convenient way for deaf and hearing-impaired people to communicate. SMS is a store-and-forward service, meaning that when you send a text message to a friend, the message does not go directly to your friend's cell phone. The advantage of this method is that your friend's cell phone doesn't have to be active or in range for you to send a message. The message is stored in the SMSC (for days if necessary) until your friend turns his cell phone on or moves into range, at which point the message is delivered. The message will remain stored on your friend's SIM card until he deletes it. In addition to person-to-person messages, SMS can be used to send a message to a large number of people at a time, either from a list of contacts or to all the users within a particular area. This service is called broadcasting and is used by companies to contact groups of employees or by online services to distribute news and other information to subscribers.

In a 2004 University of Plymouth study on the psychology of SMS users, researchers found that mobile phone users were primarily either "texters" or "talkers" [ref]. Compared to the talkers, the texters sent nearly double the number of SMS messages and made less than half as many voice calls per month. The texters preferred SMS to voice calls for its convenience as well as for the ability to review a message before sending it. Companies have come up with many uses for the service beyond just your typical person-to-person message. Because SMS doesn't overload the network as much as phone calls, it is frequently used by TV shows to let viewers vote on a poll topic or for a contestant. As a promotional tool, wireless carriers put up giant screens at concerts and other large-scale events to display text messages from people in the audience.

You can use text messaging subscription services to get medication reminders sent to your phone, along with weather alerts, news headlines or even novels broken into 160-character "chapters." Internet search engines such as Yahoo! and Google have short messaging services that enable users to get information such as driving directions, movie showtimes or local business listings just by texting a query to the search engine's phone number. Social networking services such as Dodgeball use SMS to alert people who live in big cities when their friends or crushes are nearby. The possibilities for integrating SMS into your lifestyle seem endless. Naturally, SMS has limitations, and there are some people who feel it has outlived its usefulness. In the next section, we'll look at the disadvantages of SMS and some of the alternatives out there.

SMS HistorySMS was created during the late 1980s to work with a digital technology called GSM (global system for mobile communications), which is the basis for most modern cell phones. The Norwegian engineers who invented it wanted a very simple messaging system that worked when users' mobile phones were turned off or out of signal range. Most sources agree that the first SMS message was sent in the UK in 1992. As SMS was born in Europe, it's not surprising that it took a little longer to make its way to the United States. Even today, texting enjoys much greater popularity in Europe, though its stateside use is on the rise. A July 2005 study found that 37 percent of U.S. mobile phone owners had sent or received at least one text message in the previous month [ref].

SMS Criticism and Alternatives
SMS in the NewsBecause of the impersonal nature of SMS, it raises certain questions of etiquette -- namely, what kind of information is OK to send in a text instead of delivering it in person? Recently, several people have sought legal action after they were fired or notified of divorce proceedings via SMS. Broadcast text messages have been used to rally political activists in Beijing and to mobilize young people for riots in Belfast. Recently, a contest pitted the efficiency of SMS against Morse code (the Morse coders won).

Despite their popularity, short messaging services have recieved some criticism. Here are a few of the disadvantages:

You have to pay for it. Most wireless plans charge for a certain number of text messages a month. Some only charge for user-originated messages, while others charge for incoming messages as well. If you exceed your message allowance, you may be charged 10 cents per message, and those little charges can add up.

Speedy message delivery is not guaranteed. During periods of high traffic, it might be minutes or even hours before a message gets through.

It's strictly for sending text messages. SMS does not support sending pictures, video or music files.
Alternative messaging services allow for more elaborate types of messages. With EMS (Enhanced Messaging Service), you can send formatted text, sound effects, small pictures and icons. MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service) allows you to send animations, audio and video files in addition to text. If your mobile phone is EMS- or MMS-enabled, you can use these standards just as you would SMS. However, the cost per message will be higher.

Another alternative to using SMS is using an instant messaging program, such as AOL IM, on your cell phone. This can be in the form of software that's pre-installed on your phone, or you can use WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) to access the Internet and sign into your IM account. WAP is a protocol that gives you small, simplified versions of web pages that are easily navigable on your mobile phone or PDA (check out How WAP Works for more information). You can use it to send instant messages or actual e-mails from your phone.

A common complaint about SMS is its inefficient delivery structure -- when the message center is backed up, messages take longer to reach their destination. To make message delivery faster, networks are using more new next-generation technologies such as GPRS (General Packet Radio Service).

HOW TO DETECT A 2-WAY MIRROR

When we visit toilets, bathrooms, hotel rooms,changing rooms, etc., how many of you know for sure that the seemingly ordinary mirror hanging on the wall is a real mirror, r actually a 2-way mirror i.e., they can see you, but you can't see them). There have been many cases of people installing 2-way mirrors in female changing rooms or bathroom or bedrooms. It is very difficult to positively identify the surface by just looking at it. So, how do we determine with any amount of certainty what type of mirror we are looking at?

CONDUCT THIS SIMPLE TEST:

Place the tip of your fingernail against the reflective surface and if there is a GAP between your fingernail and the image of the nail, then it is a GENUINE mirror. However, if your fingernail DIRECTLY TOUCHES the image of your nail, then BEWARE, IT IS A 2-WAY MIRROR!(there is someone seeing you from the other side). So remember, every time you see a mirror,do the "fingernail test." It doesn't cost you anything. It is simple

Hidden Programs Of Windows:

1- Private Character Editor
This program is for designing icons and Characters(Alphapet)
Click :start
Then :run
type :EUDCEDIT

2- iExpress
This Program is for converting your files to EXCUTABLE files
Click : start
Then : run
type : iexpress

3-Disk Cleanup
This program used for cleaning harddisk to offer space
Click : start
Then : run
type : cleanmgr

4-Dr Watson
This program Is for repairing problems in Windows
Click : start
Then : run
type : drwtsn32

5-Windows Media Player 5.1
Opens the old media player
Click : start
Then : run
type : mplay32

Program ............. CODE
__________ __________
Character Map = charmap

DirectX diagnosis = dxdiag

Object Packager = packager

System Monitor = perfmon

Program Manager = progman

Remote Access phone book = rasphone

Registry Editor = regedt32

File siganture verification tool = sigverif

Volume Control = sndvol32

System Configuration Editor = sysedit

Syskey = syskey

microsoft Telnet Client = telnet

Folder Lock without any S/W

Many people have been asking for an alternative way to lock folders without the use of any alternative software. So, here you go.

1. Open Notepad and copy the below code
2. Change your password in the code it's shown the place where to type your password.
3. Save file as locker.bat .
4. Now double click on locker .bat
5. I t will create folder with Locker automatically for u. After creation of the Locker folder, place the contents u want to lock inside the Locker Folder and run locker.bat again .
*********************************************************
cls
@ECHO OFF
title Folder Locker
if EXIST "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}" goto UNLOCK
if NOT EXIST Locker goto MDLOCKER
:CONFIRM
echo Are you sure u want to Lock the folder(Y/N)
set/p "cho=>"
if %cho%==Y goto LOCK
if %cho%==y goto LOCK
if %cho%==n goto END
if %cho%==N goto END
echo Invalid choice.
goto CONFIRM
:LOCK
ren Locker "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}"
attrib +h +s "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}"
echo Folder locked
goto End
:UNLOCK
echo Enter password to Unlock folder
set/p "pass=>"
if NOT %pass%== type your password here goto FAIL
attrib -h -s "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}"
ren "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}" Locker
echo Folder Unlocked successfully
goto End
:FAIL
echo Invalid password
goto end
:MDLOCKER
md Locker
echo Locker created successfully
goto End
:End
*********************************************************


After placing the contents in the locker folder double click locker.bat to lock it
and again doule click to unlock

Have you lost your mobile phone ?

Here's what you can do...

For GSM Phones
1. Call up the "Customer Care" helpline of your airtime provider and ask them to deactivate the SIM.
2. Call up the police. Submit them the IMEI number of your phone (which you should have noted before the theft).

If you haven't lost your cellphone as yet, here's what you can do.
Don't delay it... Just bring your cellphone near the computer and do it now !

Instructions :
Look behind the battery of your phone.
To confirm, type *#06# on the keypad.
Note this IMEI number down.
* Report this IMEI number to the police if your cell is stolen.

Knowledge Tit-Bits
A unique code encrypted in each mobile, known as the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number, is now being used to trace a mobile anywhere in the country. Even if the SIM card (network) is changed, it can be traced.

Whenever a phone logs onto a particular network to make or receive calls, its IMEI number is emitted and this gets registered. In case of stolen phones, the service provider can pass on the information to the police. and they can trace the user through the SIM card. It is possible to even track down gangs running cellphone-stealing rackets.

But I'm On CDMA.... Help !
Sorry. This technology is not available in Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) mobiles. Handset can be traced only if used in the same network. The programming can be changed very easily and it can be activated for a different service.

Make your scrap multi coloured inOrkut

Do the following steps to get it done

1) Open any scrapbook.

2) Write your message in the scrap. Do NOT click on submit.

3) Copy the following text and paste it in your address bar

javascript:cor=new Array('aqua','blue','fuchsia','gold','gray','green','lime','maroon','navy','olive','orange','pink','purple','red','silver','teal','violet', 'yellow' );var z=0;txt=document.getElementsByTagName('textarea')[0];txt.value=txt.value.replace(/(.)/gi,"§$1");txt.value=txt.value.replace(/\§ /gi," ");for(y=0;y{Greaterthan symbol here}txt.value.length;y++){txt.value=txt.value.replace(/\§/,'['+cor[z]+']');z++;if(z==cor.length){z=0}}void(0)


4) Hit ENTER key .
5) Click on Submit
n your scrap is now multicolored

Orkut Great Tip

Open the Link below ONLY AFTER you login to Orkut.

Here it is.. http://scrapout.googlepages.com/myorkut.html

There you can do scraps to all friends at a time, but you need mozilla,greasemonkey installed for this.


Enjoy friends......

You tube and Google video Hacks

You tube and Google video Hacks


You tube and Google video Hacks
Youtube Links, Download, google video Links, Youtube songs, google Video songs, download from Youtube & google Video.

As we all know that none of the video sharing sites provide a link to download their videos. So we will have to do some tweaking and play around to download the videos. Here are some ways to download any video from the internet , they are based on the common hack (Right-click -> "Save Target As" OR copy the link into your download manager, but change the file extension to .flv)


Method 1: For Firefox Users - Install the VideoDownloader Extension from Mozilla Add-ons website - It downloads all embedded objects on a webpage including the video clips. This is very easy for beginners.
Youtube Links, Download, google video Links, Youtube songs, google Video songs, download from Youtube & google Video.
Method 2: One of the easiest ways is to copy your video URL and paste it on KeepVid Lite. When you click submit, you will be provided with a link to save the video as an FLV file.

Using these tricks you can easily download videos from Youtube or Google Videos or Metacafe.
Youtube Links, Download, google video Links, Youtube songs, google Video songs, download from Youtube & google Video.
Now some more questions that arise are:
Youtube Links, Download, google video Links, Youtube songs, google Video songs, download from Youtube & google Video.
How do I play FLV files on my computer - They dont open with windows media player or winamp or itunes or real player ?
Youtube Links, Download, google video Links, Youtube songs, google Video songs, download from Youtube & google Video.
You can download free FLV players to watch FLV files locally. A good FLV player has a simple and easy-to-remember name - FLV Player. Another nice alternative is the Riva FLV player.Try them out.



How do I split a large FLV file into smaller playable video clips?
Youtube Links, Download, google video Links, Youtube songs, google Video songs, download from Youtube & google Video.
This is the most common question among video enthusiasts - they want to split a large FLV video file into smaller chunks for editing or resharing only the interesting tidbits on the internet. To break an FLV file, get the free FLV Parser - a tiny command-line tool to split FLVs into pieces. Its intended use is to convert a large FLV into a series of shorter FLVs based on a series of millisecond-based timecodes. Using the -s switch will split the audio and video of the outputted files; the audio track will be extracted as a series of MP3 files, and the short FLVs produced will have no audio track at all.
Youtube Links, Download, google video Links, Youtube songs, google Video songs, download from Youtube & google Video.
How to convert FLV videos to Windows AVI or Quicktime MOV or 3GP formats ?
Youtube Links, Download, google video Links, Youtube songs, google Video songs, download from Youtube & google Video.
The free Simplified Universal Player Encoder & Renderer software from Super can convert FLV files to practically any other video format including MP4, MOV H.264, AVI, ASF or Flash SWF animations. Super video convertor
Youtube Links, Download, google video Links, Youtube songs, google Video songs, download from Youtube & google Video.
How do I convert my AVI, MPEG, MOV, 3GP movie clips back to FLV format ?
Youtube Links, Download, google video Links, Youtube songs, google Video songs, download from Youtube & google Video.
Say you complete editing your movie in Windows Movie Maker or Avid and now left with an MOV file that you want to convert to FLV. Just get the free Riva FLV encoder and relax. The Riva encoder even lets you select parts of the video that you want to convert to FLV and crop the rest.
Youtube Links, Download, google video Links, Youtube songs, google Video songs, download from Youtube & google Video.

I have three small video clips that I download from Google Videos and now want to join them into one single video -How do I merge FLV files ?


There is no free software that lets you join FLV files other than the expensive Macromedia Flash Professional. However, here's a simple trick to join several flv video files - convert individual flv files to avi using Super [as mentioned above], then join the multiple Avi files into a single avi file using free VirtualDub( VirtualDub .org) and finally convert this avi back to FLV using Riva FLV encoder.Its done.
Youtube Links, Download, google video Links, Youtube songs, google Video songs, download from Youtube & google Video.
How do I watch Youtube Video on my iPod, PSP or Television ?8/27/2000
Youtube Links, Download, google video Links, Youtube songs, google Video songs, download from Youtube & google Video.
Again we'll make use of the Super Video Encoder mentioned above. Just convert the FLV file into a corresponding format (like Apple iPod or Sony PSP or MPG) and transfer it to your gadget

Youtube Links, Download, google video Links, Youtube songs, google Video songs, download from Youtube & google Video.


http://www.fonearena.com/


And one more method is

To download...first open the page that plays the video.Right click on the page and go to view source.search for the string "player2"......after u find "player2" look in the same line for the string video_id="some serial number...." now,copy the number.
Now in the address bar type
http://www.youtube.com/get_video?video_id=" number u copied"


aila! you hav downloaded the video...
or if you have mozilla browser just install "download helper" add-on to ur browser and download videos directly

Trick to lock your private folder

Suppose you want to lock the folder movies in d: which has the path D:\movies.In the same drive create a text file and type
ren movies movies.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}
Now save this text file as loc.bat
Create another text file and type in it
ren movies.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D} movies
Now save this text file as key.bat


batch files loc and key. Press loc and the folder games will change to control panel and you cannot view its contents. Press key and you will get back your original folder.
try it out!!!!!!!

Boot your Computer Faster

Many computers take a lot of time to boot (or start ).This is due to many reasons.

Some slight changes can do wonders for your system:

1.Press start->run then type msconfig and press enter.

Go to the startup tab. Here you will see a list of startup items. These are all the programs that automatically start when you boot your PC. It is these that slow down the boot up process.

So uncheck all the unwanted items like ms-office, messengers other utilities that u may not need at startup). Don't uncheck your antivirus software.

Restart your Pc to and see for yourself, your pc will now boot faster....




2.A great new feature in Microsoft Windows XP is the ability to do a boot defragment. This places all boot files next to each other on the disk to allow for faster booting. By default this option is enabled, but on some systems it is not, so below is the information on how to turn it on:

Go to Start Menu and Click Run
Type in regedit then click ok
Find "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Dfrg\BootOpt imizeFunction"
Select "Enable" from the list on the right
Right on it and select "Modify"
Change the value to Y .
Reboot your Pc and see the change yourself.


3.SPEED UP BOOT BY DISABLING UNUSED PORTS.!!

You may have tried many tweaks like modifying windows XP start-up applications, prefetches, unload DLLs method, etc. And yes those methods do work for me.
I have just accidentally found out another way to give you an extra boost in windows XP's boot performance. This is done by disabling your unused devices in
Device Manager. for example, if you don't have input devices that are connected to one of your USB's or COM ports, disabling them will give you an extra performance boost in booting. Go to Control Panel -> System -> Hardware tab -> device manager Disable devices that you don't use for your PC and then restart.

IMPROVE XP SHUTDOWN SPEED

This tweak reduces the time XP waits before automatically closing any running programs when you give it the command to shutdown.
Go to Start then select Run
Type 'Regedit' and click ok
Find 'HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Desktop\'
Select 'WaitToKillAppTimeout'
Right click and select 'Modify'
Change the value to '1000'
Click 'OK'
Now select 'HungAppTimeout'
Right click and select 'Modify'
Change the value to '1000'
Click 'OK'


Now find 'HKEY_USERS\.DEFAULT\Control Panel\Desktop'
Select 'WaitToKillAppTimeout'
Right click and select 'Modify'
Change the value to '1000'
Click 'OK'
Now find 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\'
Select 'WaitToKillServiceTimeout'
Right click and select 'Modify'
Change the value to '1000'
Click 'OK'

MAKE YOUR MENUS LOAD FASTER

This is one of my favorite tweaks as it makes a huge difference to how fast your machine will 'feel'. What this tweak does is remove the slight delay between clicking on a menu and XP displaying the menu.


Go to Start then Run
Type 'Regedit' then click 'Ok'
Find "HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Desktop\"
Select "MenuShowDelay"
Right click and select "Modify'
Reduce the number to around "100"
This is the delay time before a menu is opened. You can set it to "0" but it can make windows really hard to use as menus will open if you just look at them - well move your mouse over them anyway. I tend to go for anywhere between 50-150 depending on my mood.

All keyboard Shortcuts

All keyboard Shortcuts

Windows Shortcuts

*

Shift + F10 right-clicks.
*

Win + L (XP Only): Locks keyboard. Similar to Lock Workstation.
*

Win + F or F3: Open Find dialog. (All Files) F3 may not work in some applications which use F3 for their own find dialogs.
*

Win + Control + F: Open Find dialog. (Computers)
*

Win + U: Open Utility Manager.
*

Win + F1: Open Windows help.
*

Win + Pause: Open System Properties dialog.
*

Win + Tab: Cycle through taskbar buttons. Enter clicks, AppsKey or Shift + F10 right-clicks.
*

Win + Shift + Tab: Cycle through taskbar buttons in reverse.
*

Alt + Tab: Display Cool Switch. More commonly known as the AltTab dialog.
*

Alt + Shift + Tab: Display Cool Switch; go in reverse.
*

Alt + Escape: Send active window to the bottom of the z-order.
*

Alt + Shift + Escape: Activate the window at the bottom of the z-order.
*

Alt + F4: Close active window; or, if all windows are closed, open shutdown dialog.
*

Shift while a CD is loading: Bypass AutoPlay.
*

Shift while login: Bypass startup folder. Only those applications will be ignored which are in the startup folder, not those started from the registry (Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run\)
*

Ctrl + Alt + Delete or Ctrl + Alt + NumpadDel (Both NumLock states): Invoke the Task Manager or NT Security dialog.
*

Ctrl + Shift + Escape (2000/XP ) or (Ctrl + Alt + NumpadDot) : Invoke the task manager. On earlier OSes, acts like Ctrl + Escape.
*

Print screen: Copy screenshot of current screen to clipboard.
*

Alt + Print screen: Copy screenshot of current active window to clipboard.
*

Ctrl + Alt + Down Arrow: Invert screen. Untested on OS's other than XP.
*

Ctrl + Alt + Up Arrow: Undo inversion.
*

Win + B : Move focus to systray icons.


General


*

Ctrl + C or Ctrl + Insert: Copy.
*

Ctrl + X or Shift + Delete: Cut.
*

Ctrl + V or Shift + Insert: Paste/Move.
*

Ctrl + N: New... File, Tab, Entry, etc.
*

Ctrl + S: Save.
*

Ctrl + O: Open...
*

Ctrl + P: Print.
*

Ctrl + Z: Undo.
*

Ctrl + A: Select all.
*

Ctrl + F: Find...
*

Ctrl+W : to close the current window
*

Ctrl + F4: Close tab or child window.
*

F1: Open help.
*

F11: Toggle full screen mode.
*

Alt or F10: Activate menu bar.
*

Alt + Space: Display system menu. Same as clicking the icon on the titlebar.
*

Escape: Remove focus from current control/menu, or close dialog box.




General Navigation


*

Tab: Forward one item.
*

Shift + Tab: Backward one item.
*

Ctrl + Tab: Cycle through tabs/child windows.
*

Ctrl + Shift + Tab: Cycle backwards through tabs/child windows.
*

Enter: If a button's selected, click it, otherwise, click default button.
*

Space: Toggle items such as radio buttons or checkboxes.
*

Alt + (Letter): Activate item corresponding to (Letter). (Letter) is the underlined letter on the item's name.
*

Ctrl + Left: Move cursor to the beginning of previous word.
*

Ctrl + Right: Move cursor to the beginning of next word.
*

Ctrl + Up: Move cursor to beginning of previous paragraph. This and all subsequent Up/Down hotkeys in this section have only been known to work in Rich Edit controls.
*

Ctrl + Down: Move cursor to beginning of next paragraph.
*

Shift + Left: Highlight one character to the left.
*

Shift + Right: Highlight one character to the right.
*

Shift + Up: Highlight from current cursor position, to one line up.
*

Shift + Down: Highlight from current cursor position, to one line down.
*

Ctrl + Shift + Left: Highlight to beginning of previous word.
*

Ctrl + Shift + Right: Highlight to beginning of next word.
*

Ctrl + Shift + Up: Highlight to beginning of previous paragraph.
*

Ctrl + Shift + Down: Highlight to beginning of next paragraph.
*

Home: Move cursor to top of a scrollable control.
*

End: Move cursor to bottom of a scrollable control.





File Browser

*

Arrow Keys: Navigate.
*

Shift + Arrow Keys: Select multiple items.
*

Ctrl + Arrow Keys: Change focus without changing selection. "Focus" is the object that will run on Enter. Space toggles selection of the focused item.
*

(Letter): Select first found item that begins with (Letter).
*

BackSpace: Go up one level to the parent directory.
*

Alt + Left: Go back one folder.
*

Alt + Right: Go forward one folder.
*

Enter: Activate (Double-click) selected item(s).
*

Alt + Enter: View properties for selected item.
*

F2: Rename selected item(s).
*

Ctrl + NumpadPlus: In a Details view, resizes all columns to fit the longest item in each one.
*

Delete: Delete selected item(s).
*

Shift + Delete: Delete selected item(s); bypass Recycle Bin.
*

Ctrl while dragging item(s): Copy.
*

Ctrl + Shift while dragging item(s): Create shortcut(s).
*

In tree pane, if any:
*

Left: Collapse the current selection if expanded, or select the parent folder.
*

Right: Expand the current selection if collapsed, or select the first subfolder.
*

Numpad Asterisk: Expand currently selected directory and all subdirectories. No undo.
*

Numpad Plus: Expand currently selected directory.
*

Numpad Minus: Collapse currently selected directory.


Accessibility

*

Right Shift for eight seconds: Toggle FilterKeys on and off. FilterKeys must be enabled.
*

Left Alt + Left Shift + PrintScreen: Toggle High Contrast on and off. High Contrast must be enabled.
*

Left Alt + Left Shift + NumLock: Toggle MouseKeys on and off. MouseKeys must be enabled.
*

NumLock for five seconds: Toggle ToggleKeys on and off. ToggleKeys must be enabled.
*

Shift five times: Toggle StickyKeys on and off. StickyKeys must be enabled.
*

6.) Microsoft Natural Keyboard with IntelliType Software Installed
*

Win + L: Log off Windows.
*

Win + P: Open Print Manager.
*

Win + C: Open control panel.
*

Win + V: Open clipboard.
*

Win + K: Open keyboard properties.
*

Win + I: Open mouse properties.
*

Win + A: Open Accessibility properties.
*

Win + Space: Displays the list of Microsoft IntelliType shortcut keys.
*

Win + S: Toggle CapsLock on and off.


Remote Desktop Connection Navigation



*

Ctrl + Alt + End: Open the NT Security dialog.
*

Alt + PageUp: Switch between programs.
*

Alt + PageDown: Switch between programs in reverse.
*

Alt + Insert: Cycle through the programs in most recently used order.
*

Alt + Home: Display start menu.
*

Ctrl + Alt + Break: Switch the client computer between a window and a full screen.
*

Alt + Delete: Display the Windows menu.
*

Ctrl + Alt + NumpadMinus: Place a snapshot of the entire client window area on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing Alt + PrintScreen on a local computer.
*

Ctrl + Alt + NumpadPlus: Place a snapshot of the active window in the client on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing PrintScreen on a local computer.


Mozilla Firefox Shortcuts

*

Ctrl + Tab or Ctrl + PageDown: Cycle through tabs.
*

Ctrl + Shift + Tab or Ctrl + PageUp: Cycle through tabs in reverse.
*

Ctrl + (1-9): Switch to tab corresponding to number.
*

Ctrl + N: New window.
*

Ctrl + T: New tab.
*

Ctrl + L or Alt + D or F6: Switch focus to location bar.
*

Ctrl + Enter: Open location in new tab.
*

Shift + Enter: Open location in new window.
*

Ctrl + K or Ctrl + E: Switch focus to search bar.
*

Ctrl + O: Open a local file.
*

Ctrl + W: Close tab, or window if there's only one tab open.
*

Ctrl + Shift + W: Close window.
*

Ctrl + S: Save page as a local file.
*

Ctrl + P: Print page.
*

Ctrl + F or F3: Open find toolbar.
*

Ctrl + G or F3: Find next...
*

Ctrl + Shift + G or Shift + F3: Find previous...
*

Ctrl + B or Ctrl + I: Open Bookmarks sidebar.
*

Ctrl + H: Open History sidebar.
*

Escape: Stop loading page.
*

Ctrl + R or F5: Reload current page.
*

Ctrl + Shift + R or Ctrl + F5: Reload current page; bypass cache.
*

Ctrl + U: View page source.
*

Ctrl + D: Bookmark current page.
*

Ctrl + NumpadPlus or Ctrl + Equals (+/=): Increase text size.
*

Ctrl + NumpadMinus or Ctrl + Minus: Decrease text size.
*

Ctrl + Numpad0 or Ctrl + 0: Set text size to default.
*

Alt + Left or Backspace: Back.
*

Alt + Right or Shift + Backspace: Forward.
*

Alt + Home: Open home page.
*

Ctrl + M: Open new message in integrated mail client.
*

Ctrl + J: Open Downloads dialog.
*

F6: Switch to next frame. You must have selected something on the page already, e.g. by use of Tab.
*

Shift + F6: Switch to previous frame.
*

Apostrophe ('): Find link as you type.
*

Slash (/): Find text as you type.


Gmail Shortcuts

*

Note: Must have "keyboard shortcuts" on in settings.
*

C: Compose new message.
*

Shift + C: Open new window to compose new message.
*

Slash (/): Switch focus to search box.
*

K: Switch focus to the next most recent email. Enter or "O" opens focused email.
*

J: Switch focus to the next oldest email.
*

N: Switch focus to the next message in the "conversation." Enter or "O" expands/collapses messages.
*

P: Switch focus to the previous message.
*

U: Takes you back to the inbox and checks for new mail.
*

Y: Various actions depending on current view:
*

Has no effect in "Sent" and "All Mail" views.
*

Inbox: Archive email or message.
*

Starred: Unstar email or message.
*

Spam: Unmark as spam and move back to "Inbox."
*

Trash: Move back to "Inbox."
*

Any label: Remove the label.
*

X: "Check" an email. Various actions can be performed against all checked emails.
*

S: "Star" an email. Identical to the more familiar term, "flagging."
*

R: Reply to the email.
*

A: Reply to all recipients of the email.
*

F: Forward an email.
*

Shift + R: Reply to the email in a new window.
*

Shift + A: Reply to all recipients of the email in a new window.
*

Shift + F: Forward an email in a new window.
*

Shift + 1 (!): Mark an email as spam and remove it from the inbox.
*

G then I: Switch to "Inbox" view.
*

G then S: Switch to "Starred" view.
*

G then A: Switch to "All Mail" view.
*

G then C: Switch to "Contacts" view.
*

G then S: Switch to "Drafts" view.


List of F1-F9 Key Commands for the Command Prompt



*

F1 / right arrow: Repeats the letters of the last command line, one by one.
*

F2: Displays a dialog asking user to "enter the char to copy up to" of the last command line
*

F3: Repeats the last command line
*

F4: Displays a dialog asking user to "enter the char to delete up to" of the last command line
*

F5: Goes back one command line
*

F6: Enters the traditional CTRL+Z (^z)
*

F7: Displays a menu with the command line history
*

F8: Cycles back through previous command lines (beginning with most recent)
*

F9: Displays a dialog asking user to enter a command number, where 0 is for first command line entered.
*

Alt+Enter: toggle full Screen mode.
*

up/down: scroll thru/repeat previous entries
*

Esc: delete line
*

Note: The buffer allows a maximum of 50 command lines. After this number is reached, the first line will be replaced in sequence.

Helpful accessibility keyboard shortcuts

*

Switch FilterKeys on and off. Right SHIFT for eight seconds
*

Switch High Contrast on and off. Left ALT +left SHIFT +PRINT SCREEN
*

Switch MouseKeys on and off. Left ALT +left SHIFT +NUM LOCK
*

Switch StickyKeys on and off. SHIFT five times
*

Switch ToggleKeys on and off. NUM LOCK for five seconds

Hack Windows XP Login Password

Hack Admin Password From User Mode
Disclaimer: Use this article for eductational purpose ONLY.

Follow these steps:
1. Open command prompt (Start->Run->cmd),
2. Enter the following command, then press ENTER

3. Enter the followin command, then press ENTER:
compmgmt.msc
This should open the computer management console.
4. Go to local users & groups->users. Right click on any user and select "set password".

If you get a "access denied" do the following:

start>run>cmd
then use following commands
1) net user test /add (this command will make test named user)
2) net localgroup administrators test /add (this command will make test user as administrators rights)

and use net user command to reset your admin. password


Alternative



What if u don't know the password of your admin and still want to hack and change .. yea u can do it ..in a very easy manner.. check this. just follow the steps.. this doesn't require u to know the admin password but still u can change it..
Start >> Run >> [type]cmd // this will open your command prompt
[type] net(space)user(press enter)
[type] net(space)user(space)[windowsloginid](sp ace)*(press enter)

// for e.g. : net user HOME *(press enter)

[type] new password (press enter) and retype it (press enter).. it will show u confirmation... // caution it wont show u the password u type.. but it still types.. the blinking pointer will b there at the same place.. but it still works..
// for e.g. : password changed successfully.

Deleting recycle bin

Start] [Run] [Regedit]
Registry Key: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\BitBucket
Modify/Create the Value Data Type(s) and Value Name(s) as detailed below.
Data Type: DWORD // Value Name: NukeOnDelete
Setting for Value Data: [0 = Use Recycle Bin / 1 = Permanently Delete]
Exit Registry and Reboot


Method

start->run->gpedit.msc-> user configuration ->desktop->remove recycle bin from desktop->double click->change it not configured to enable->apply and ok.

now come to start->run->gpupdate.exe and press enter.

your recycle bin icon is gone from desktop nad you will need to revert your settings for get that back.

after reverting setting make sure to run gpupdate.exe command.

Create nameless files and folders in windows

This trick will allow you to create files and folders without any name.

Just follow the following steps:

1.Select any file or folder.
2.Right click on it, press rename or simply press F2.
3.Press and hold the alt key. While holding the Alt key, type numbers 0160 from the numpad.

Note: Type the numbers 0160 from the numpad, that is, the numbers present on the right side of the keyboard. Don't type the numbers which are present on top of the character keys.


4.Press Enter and the nameless file or folder will be created.

Reason: The file or folder that seems nameless is actually named with a single space.

But what if you want to create another nameless file or folder in the same directory ?

For this you will have to rename the file with 2 spaces. Just follow these steps below:

1.Select file, press F2.
2.Hold alt key and type 0160 from the numpad.
3.Release the alt key. Now without doing anything else, again hold alt key and press 0160.
4.Press enter and you will have second nameless file in the same directory.
5.Repeat step 3 to create as many nameless files or folders in the same directory.

Make Your Windows Fast As Never Before

Make Your Windows Fast As Never Before


Disable CD Autorun
( WinXP PRO Only)

1) Click Start, Run and enter GPEDIT.MSC

2) Go to Computer Configuration, Administrative Templates, System.

3) Locate the entry for Turn autoplay off and modify it as you desire.


Speed Up Browsing
When you connect to a web site your computer sends information back and forth. Some of this information deals with resolving the site name to an IP address, the stuff that TCP/IP really deals with, not words. This is DNS information and is used so that you will not need to ask for the site location each and every time you visit the site. Although Windows XP and Windows XP have a pretty efficient DNS cache, you can increase its overall performance by increasing its size. You can do this with the registry entries below:

Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Dnscache\Parameters]
"CacheHashTableBucketSize"=dword:00000001
"CacheHashTableSize"=dword:00000180
"MaxCacheEntryTtlLimit"=dword:0000fa00
"MaxSOACacheEntryTtlLimit"=dword:0000012d

Make a new text file and rename it to dnscache.reg. Then copy and paste the above into it and save it. Merge it into the registry.


DISABLE INDEXING SERVICES

Indexing Services is a small little program that uses large amounts of RAM and can often make a computer endlessly loud and noisy. This system process indexes and updates lists of all the files that are on your computer. It does this so that when you do a search for something on your computer, it will search faster by scanning the index lists. If you don't search your computer often, or even if you do search often, this system service is completely unnecessary. To disable do the following:

1. Go to Start
2. Click Settings
3. Click Control Panel
4. Double-click Add/Remove Programs
5. Click the Add/Remove Window Components
6. Uncheck the Indexing services
7. Click Next

OPTIMISE DISPLAY SETTINGS

Windows XP can look sexy but displaying all the visual items can waste system resources. To optimize:

1.Go to Start
2. Click Settings
3. Click Control Panel
4. Click System
5. Click Advanced tab
6. In the Performance tab click Settings
7. Leave only the following ticked:
- Show shadows under menus
- Show shadows under mouse pointer
- Show translucent selection rectangle
- Use drop shadows for icons labels on the desktop
- Use visual styles on windows and buttons


SPEEDUP FOLDER BROWSING

You may have noticed that everytime you open my computer to browse folders that there is a slight delay. This is because Windows XP automatically searches for network files and printers everytime you open Windows Explorer. To fix this and to increase browsing significantly:

1. Open My Computer
2. Click on Tools menu
3. Click on Folder Options
4. Click on the View tab.
5. Uncheck the Automatically search for network folders and printers check box
6. Click Apply
7. Click Ok
8. Reboot your computer
REMOVE THE DESKTOP PICTURE


Your desktop background consumes a fair amount of memory and can slow the loading time of your system. Removing it will improve performance.

1. Right click on Desktop and select Properties
2. Select the Desktop tab
3. In the Background window select None
4. Click Ok

DISABLE UNNECESSARY SERVICES

Because Windows XP has to be all things to all people it has many services running that take up system resources that you will never need. Below is a list of services that can be disabled on most machines:

Alerter
Clipbook
Computer Browser
Distributed Link Tracking Client
Fast User Switching
Help and Support - (If you use Windows Help and Support leave this enabled)
Human Interface Access Devices
Indexing Service
IPSEC Services
Messenger
Netmeeting Remote Desktop Sharing (disabled for extra security)
Portable Media Serial Number
Remote Desktop Help Session Manager (disabled for extra security)
Remote Procedure Call Locator
Remote Registry (disabled for extra security)
Remote Registry Service
Secondary Logon
Routing & Remote Access (disabled for extra security)
Server
SSDP Discovery Service - (Unplug n' Pray will disable this)
Telnet
TCP/IP NetBIOS Helper
Upload Manager
Universal Plug and Play Device Host
Windows Time
Wireless Zero Configuration (Do not disable if you use a wireless network)
Workstation
To disable these services:

Go to Start and then Run and type "services.msc"
Doubleclick on the service you want to change
Change the startup type to 'Disable"

REMOVE ANNOYING DELETE CONFIRMATION MESSAGES

Although not strictly a performance tweak I love this fix as it makes my machine 'feel' faster. I hate the annoying 'are you sure?' messages that XP displays, especially if I have to use a laptop touchpad to close them. To remove these messages:

1. Right-click on the 'Recycle Bin' on the desktop and then click 'Properties'

2. Clear the 'Display Delete Confirmation Dialog' check box and click 'Ok'

If you do accidently delete a file don't worry as all is not lost. Just go to your Recycle Bin and 'Restore' the file.

Rename Multiple Files at Once

When you download photos from your digital camera, they often have unrecognizable names. You can rename several similar files at once with the following procedure. This also works for renaming other types of files.



1.Open the My Pictures folder. (Click Start, and then click My Pictures.) Or open another folder containing files that you want to rename.


2.Select the files you want to rename. If the files you want are not adjacent in the file list, press and hold CTRL, and then click each item to select it.


3.On the File menu, click Rename.


4.Type the new name, and then press ENTER.

All of the files in the series will be named in sequence using the new name you type. For example, if you type Birthday, the first will be named Birthday and subsequent files in the series will be named Birthday (1), Birthday (2), and so on. To specify the starting number for the series, type the starting number in parentheses after the new file name. The files in the series will be numbered in sequence starting with the number you type. For example, if you type Birthday (10), the other files will be named Birthday (11), Birthday (12), and so on.

Registry tricks

Display Your Quick Launch Toolbar Tip:


Is your Quick Launch toolbar missing from the taskbar?
To display your familiar Quick Launch toolbar:
Right-click an empty area on the taskbar, click Toolbars, and then click Quick Launch.

Easy as that your Quick Launch bar appears. To add items to your Quick Launch toolbar, click the icon for the program you want to add, and drag it to the Quick Launch portion of the taskbar.


How to remove recycle bin from your desktop Tip:

Open Regedit by going to START - RUN and type Regedit and hit enter. Then you should navigate to following entry in registry HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\
Desktop\NameSpace\{645FF040-5081-101B-9F08-00AA002F954E} and delete it. This action should remove recycle bin from your desktop.
=====================================================================================
How to stop new programs installed balloon from coming up tip:

Right click on START button and select properties. Click on Customize and go to Advanced tab and deselect check box saying "Highlight newly installed programs". This would help you stop this annoying feature from popping up every now and then.
=====================================================================================

Unlock Toolbars to Customize Them Tip:

The new Windows XP now features locking toolbars, and you can adjust them. You may customize a lot of the Windows XP features such as the Taskbar, Start Menu, and even toolbar icons in Internet Explorer and Outlook Express. Remember your right-click:
* Right-click on a toolbar, and then click Lock the Toolbars to remove the check mark.
* Right-click on the toolbar again, and then click Customize.

You may add or remove toolbar buttons, change text options and icon options. When you've got the toolbar customized, click Close. Now right-click on the toolbar and then click Lock the Toolbars to lock them in place. com

=====================================================================================


Want to remove shared documents folder from My Computer window tip:

Some don't like my shared documents folder option. If you are one of that, here is a trick to remove it.Open registry editor by going to START-RUN and entering regedit.
Once in registry, navigate to key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE \ SOFTWARE \ Microsoft \ Windows \ CurrentVersion \ Explorer \ My Computer \ NameSpace \ DelegateFolders You must see a sub-key named {59031a47-3f72-44a7-89c5-5595fe6b30ee}. If you delete this key, you have effectively removed the my shared documents folder.

=====================================================================================
How to improve on shutdown time ? Close apps automatically & quickly at shutdown tip:

Open Registry by going to START-RUN and typing REGEDIT. Navigate to HKEY_CURRENT_USER\CONTROL PANEL\DESKTOP and look for AutoEndTasks. On my computer default value is 0. Change it to 1. Thats all. Further more you can reduce the time it takes for Windows to issue kill directive to all active/hung applications.
In doing this only constraint that you should make sure exists is that HungAppTimeout is greater than WaitToKillAppTimeout. Change the values of WaitToKillAppTimeout to say 3500 (since default value for HungAppTimeout 5000 and for WaitToKillAppTimeout is 20000)



Are you missing icons Tip:


Are you missing icons? You may be wondering where all the icons from your desktop are in Windows XP? Well if you're like me, you like to have at least My Computer, My Network Places, and My Documents on the your desktop.
You need to:
* Right-click on the desktop, and then click Properties.
* Click the Desktop tab and then click on Customize Desktop.
* Put a check mark in the box next to My Document, My Computer, My Network Places, or Internet Explorer, to add those familiar icons to your desktop. Easy yes!
=====================================================================================
How to login as administrator if you don't see it available tip:

Unless and until you have run into issues and fixing XP (under which case you have to go to Safe Mode to login as Administrator), you can get to administrator screen by simply pressing CTRL+ALT+DELETE twice at the main screen.
=====================================================================================

Speedup boot up sequence by defragmenting all key boot files tip:

Open Registry by going to START-RUN and typing REGEDIT. Navigate to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Dfrg\BootOptimizeFunction. In right hand panel look for Enable. Right click on it and set it 'Y' for enable. This is the way I have it set on my computer. This will help speedup boot time.


Use a Shortcut to Local Area Network Connection Information:






Use a Shortcut to Local Area Network Connection Information Tip:


Here's something new in Windows XP, instead of using the command line program and typing ipconfig to get local area network information, you can try using the following shortcut:
* Click on Start, point to Connect to, and then click Show All Connections.
* Right–click the connection you want information about, and then click Status.
* In the connection Properties dialog box, click the Support tab.
* For more information, click on the Advanced tab.

To automatically enable the status monitor each time the connection is active, in the connection Properties dialog box, select the Show icon in taskbar notification area when connected check box.

=====================================================================================

Do you know you can have Virtual Desktops (like in Linux) with PowerToys ?

If you have powertoys installed on Windows XP Its available for free at Microsoft download webpage. It is very easy to enable Microsoft Virtual Desktop Feature. Simply right click on the Start Panel Bar also called TaskBar, Click on Tool Bar and select Desktop manager.
You would see a set of 5 icons placed on the right portion of the TAskBar. Click on number 1 to 4 to go to any of the desktops. Now you have have four different Active Desktops.
IMPORTANT NOTE: You may see a little degradation in performance.

=====================================================================================

Customize Internet. Explorer Title bar tip:

This tip won't make your computer any faster but may help personalize your computer experience. Open Registry by going to START-RUN and typing REGEDIT. Navigate to HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Internet. Explorer\Main. In right hand panel look for string "Window Title" and change its value to whatever custom text you want to see.

Easy Text Size Change in Help & IE Tip:
I mentioned a way that you can change the size of the text that is display in the Help file and in Internet Explorer. As it turns out if you have a "wheel mouse," there is an even easier way to change the text size. In Internet Explorer or when viewing a Help file, simply hold the ctrl key while you spin the mouse wheel up to increase text size, or down to decrease text size.
Java VM: Java applets run in Internet Explorer 6 (a component of Windows XP) just as they run in older versions of Internet Explorer. The Java VM is not installed as part of the typical installation, but is installed on demand when a user encounters a page that uses a Java Applet. For more information see the Microsoft Technologies for Java Web site.


=====================================================================================

Windows XP Shutdown and Power Off Tip:

On some computers, by default, Windows XP doesn't power off the computer when you tell it to shut down. However, if your computer is relatively new, it can probably by shut completely off by WinXP. To configure your computer for this behavior, simply open the Control Panel, open Performance and Maintenance, then Power Options. On the APM tab, check next to "Enable Advanced Power Management support," then click OK. The next time you choose "Shut Down" from the Start Menu, your computer should shut down completely and then power off.

=====================================================================================

Customize Explorer Toolbar Tip:

In Windows Explorer, you can customize the toolbar to make Explorer even more handy. The Toolbar is the bar of icons directly underneath the menu bar. It contains icons for going back, up one level, displaying folders or search, etc. You can right-click an open area of this Toolbar and choose Customize to change the order of these icons, and even to add new icons to it. For instance, I like to add the Map Drive and Disconnect buttons. In Windows XP, you may have to unlock the Taskbar before you can make changes in Windows Explorer.
Lock the Taskba - If you find that your Windows XP Taskbar keeps being changed, or moved to one side or the top of your screen, and you didn't mean to have it do that, this tip is for you. Once you have your Task Bar arranged the way you like it, in the right location on the screen, and with all the right toolbars and icons, you can lock it, so that it won't get changed accidentally. To lock the Taskbar, simply right click it and choose Properties. In the window that appears, check the box (click) next to "Lock the Taskbar." Now you won't accidentally bump the mouse and have your Task bar end up on another side of the screen.

=====================================================================================

Check Personal Firewall Status Tip:

In the previous tip, I mention how to turn on Windows XP's Personal Firewall feature. But once you turn it on, your connection looks just the same as it did before. How can you check the status of the connection and the firewall? Simply open Control Panel from the Start Menu, open Internet and Network Connections, then Network Connections. By default the view is of large icons.
Click the View Menu, and choose "details" in order to reveal several more columns of information about the connections that your computer has. Check the Status column to see if your connection is currently connected, and whether or not it is "firewalled." You can even drag the column headings around (I like to slide the Status column right next to the Name column. You can even remove entire columns by right-clicking the column heading and unchecking it.

Where does Window's Product Id get stored Tip:


There are two places at least where ProductId gets stored. To see the first place, open Registry by going to START-RUN and entering REGEDIT and Navigate to [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion]. In right pane, look for key by the name "ProductId". This is your Windows Product Id. Alternatively you can navigate to [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion] and still find same field with the name ProductId.

=====================================================================================


You can Keep Your Favorite Programs on Top of the Start Menu tip:


Do you have a favorite program that you frequently use? Elevate its priority on the Start menu by putting it at the top of the list. This ensures that the program will remain on the Start menu and cannot be bumped by other programs, even if you use the others more frequently.
Right-click the link to your favorite program on the Start menu and select Pin to Start Menu.
Your program will be moved permanently to the top part of the list, just below your browser and e-mail programs.

=====================================================================================


Having problems with Outlook Express ? Does it ask for password every time you connect tip:

If this is problem for you. Sometimes no matter what you do, Outlook Express forgets your password and asks you to enter it again each and every time you connect to your mail server.I have a solution that may work for you. Open Registry by going to START-RUN and entering REGEDIT and Navigate to HKEY_CURRRENT USER\Software\Microsoft and look for "Protected Storage System Provider". There is a good chance that you will see this folder. If you have it. Simply delete it. More than likely, you have solved your problem.

=====================================================================================


How to avoid auto play of CD ? Way I like best tip.


Hey this time no registry trick even though there are ways in registry to do it. In earlier operating systems only those CD that had autorun.inf file in their root directory were able to execute on its own but with advent of WINDOWS XP it has become possible with just about anything. Well sometimes it is good but there are other times when you want to avoid this part of automation. What would I do. Simply press SHIFT key when you enter a CD in your CD drive. It won't Auto play. For those of you, who do want a registry hack. Here it is:
Open Registry and navigate to [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\policies\Explorer] and look for key "NoDriveTypeAutoRun" and set its value to 185 (decimal). This would stop autoplay.

=====================================================================================

This tip to speed up the Start Menu in Windows XP.
Did you know you can customize the speed of the Start Menu by editing a Registry Key.


* Click Start, and then click Run.
* Type Regedit in the box, and then click OK.
* Expand the menu in the left panel and select the HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Desktop folder.
* Scroll down in the right panel and double click on the MenuShowDelay file.
* In the Value Data box, change to default value for the menu speed from 400 to a lesser number, such as 1.
*Click OK.
Caution: Incorrectly editing the registry may severely damage your system. Before making changes to the registry, you may want to back up any valued data on your computer.

=====================================================================================

Customizing Windows Explorer Context menu (right click menu in windows explorer)

Ever wondered how does the right click menu (which is actually a context menu) work ? For example, when I right click in windows explorer, I see an option which says "open command window here". Do You know why I see this ? Well I see this because I have following entries in my registry.

[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Drive\shell\cmd]
@="Open Command Window Here"
[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Drive\shell\cmd\command]
@="C:\WINDOWS\System32\cmd.exe /k cd "%1""
If You have never used a tweaking utility and have newly installed Windows XP, You would not see this option. You would have to navigate to [[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Drive] go and create two subkeys ("cmd" and within that "command" and would have to put the text "Open Command Window Here" without quotes in default string value of "cmd" key and the text "C:\WINDOWS\System32\cmd.exe /k CD"%1"" without quotes in default string value of command key). After this You need to REBOOT for these changes to take effect.
Trick is in adding similar entries for other applications as well even though its much harder to come with ideas about what to put in the context menu!!!! .

Folder Options Missing

Many of us sometimes find the folder options missing in windows explorer.
Here's the solution-->


Open Run and then type "gpedit.msc".
Now goto User Configuration > Administrative templates > Windows Component > Windows Explorer.
Click on Windows Explorer you will find the 3rd option on the right side of screen "Removes the Folder Option menu item from the Tools menu"
Just check it, if it is not configured then change it to enable by double clicking on it and after applying again set it to not configured.

I hopes that you will find the option after restarting windows.

Disable Turn Off Option ..and ALT+F4 option

REGEDIT->HKEY_CURRENT_USER->SOFTWARE->MICROSOFT->WINDOWS->POLICIES->EXPLORER THEN GO TO RIGHT SIDE AND BY RIGHT CLICK OF UR MOUSE CREATE NEW DWORD VALUE WITH NAME NoClose and after creating click on it and give Value Data 1.


And Reboot your pc ..now your Turn Off option is disabled ..to Enable it again ..go to that directory by regedit ..and simply delete that created NoClose and Log Off Your User and Log in again ..your Turn off Again Working

How to hack Rapid share and Mega upload

Hi all, This is for those who have to wait for about an hour after downloading certain amount of stuff from rapid share. To overcome this time constraint follow these steps:
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RAPID SHARE



Method 1
1.open your rapid share link
2.then click on free.
3.As soon as timer start type this in address bar and click enter
javascript:alert(c=0)
4.a pop up message will come click ok your counter is zero just download the stu
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Method 2
1.Delete the cookies in your browser internet explorer or Firefox or opera or whatever u use).
2.Press start->run,type cmd.
3.In the command prompt,type ipconfig/flushdns press enter.Then type ipconfig/release,then ipconfig/renew .Now type exit.
4.Now try downloading, for many people this may work if their ISP provides a dynamic ip.
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Method 3
1.Just switch off your router or modem) and switch it back on.
2.This may work for some users Mtnl and Bsnl) and maybe some others too.

Actually these methods generally work for those people whose ISP gives them dynamic ip.
If these don't work then one more thing that can be done is to use proxies.
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Method 4
1.Download the software Hide ip platinum from here http://rapidshare.de/files/34451917/hideipv32.rar

2.Run it, then it will automatically chose a proxy (ip of a different country) for you. So you can easily download without any restrictions. You just have to change the proxy each time you download.
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MEGA UPLOAD



Mega upload is very easy to hack to solve the download slots problem). Just go to http://leech.megaleecher.net/
Here you will find a place to put your original link. Put it there press enter and then you will get a direct link within some seconds. You are done!!!!!

Lock Your Computer

Lock Your Computer

Creating a desktop shortcut for locking your computer
If you use your computer in an area where others may have access to it, and there are things on your system you would rather have kept confidential, locking your desktop when you leave the computer is an essential task. Here's a recipe for a desktop shortcut that will lock your computer in two easy clicks:

Right click on an empty area of the desktop and choose 'new' then 'shortcut.' The create shortcut wizard will open; in the first text box, type '%windir%\System32\rundll32.exe user32.dll,LockWorkStation' and then give your shortcut an appropriate name on the next page, and hit 'finish.'

You will notice that the shortcut you created has a blank icon. To select a more appropriate one, right click on the shortcut and hit 'properties.' In the 'shortcut' tab, click the 'change icon' button.

In the 'look for icons in this file' box, type '%SystemRoot%\system32\SHELL32.dll' then click 'ok' to see a range of icons for your new shortcut. Choose an appropriate icon. Your desktop locking shortcut is now ready for use. Test it out.

Note: It is useful if u have an account as it will prompt for a password.

OR

Hide all drives in my computer
Wanna how your geekiness. Here's the registry hack to hide all the drives in my computer.

head up to
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer
create a new DWORD value as NoDrives and modify its data to 03FFFFFF(six F's)

reboot and you are done.

To change back.
delete the key or modify the data to 0. (zero)

Increase your RAM and so system speed

Increase your RAM and so system speed

1). Start any application, say Word. Open some large documents.


2). Press CTRL+SHIFT+ESC to open Windows Task Manager and click Processes tab and sort the list in descending order on Mem Usage. You will notice that WINWORD.EXE will be somewhere at the top, using multiple MBs of memory.


3). Now switch to Word and simply minimize it. (Don't use the Minimize All Windows option of the task bar).


4). Now go back to the Windows Task Manager and see where WINWORD.EXE is listed. Most probably you will not find it at the top. You will typically have to scroll to the bottom of the list to find Word. Now check out the amount of RAM it is using. Surprised? The memory utilization has reduced by a huge amount.

5). Minimize each application that you are currently not working on by clicking on the Minimize button & you can increase the amount of available RAM by a substantial margin. Depending upon the number and type of applications you use together, the difference can be as much as 50 percent of extra RAM.



In any multitasking system, minimizing an application means that it won't be utilized by the user right now. Therefore, the OS automatically makes the application use virtual memory & keeps bare minimum amounts of the code in physical RAM.

Top 20 Tips To Keep Your System Faster

Follow these tips and you will definitely have a much faster and more reliable PC! Most of the below tips works for windows 98



1. Wallpapers: They slow your whole system down, so if you're willing to compromise, have a basic plain one instead!



2. Drivers: Update your hardware drivers as frequently as possible. New drivers tend to increase system speed especially in the case of graphics cards, their drivers are updated by the manufacturer very frequently!



3. Minimizing: If you want to use several programs at the same time then minimize those you are not using. This helps reduce the overload on RAM.




4. Boot Faster: The 'starting Windows 95/98' message on startup can delay your booting for a couple of seconds. To get rid of this message go to c:\ and find the file Msdos.sys. Remove the Read-Only option. Next, open it in Notepad or any other text editor. Finally, go to the text 'Options' within the file and make the following changes: Add BootDelay=0. To make your booting even faster, set add Logo=0 to remove the Windows logo at startup.



5. Restart only Windows: When restarting your PC, hold down Shift to only restart Windows rather than the whole system which will only take a fraction of the time.



6. Turn Off Animations: Go to Display Settings from the Control Panel and switch to the Effects Tab. Now turn off Show Windows Content While Dragging and Smooth Edges on Screen Fonts. This tip is also helpful with Windows XP because of the various fade/scroll effects.



7. Faster Start-Menu Access: Go to the Start menu and select Run. Now type Regedit and hit Enter. The Registry Editor will appear on the screen. Now, open the folder HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Desktop. You should see a MenuShowDelay value. If you don't then do the following: right click on a blank space in the right pane and select New\String. Change the name in the new value to MenuShowDelay. Now that we have the MenuShowDelay value, double click on it and enter 0 in the value data field. This sets the start menu delay to 0 milliseconds.




8. Resolutions: If you are willing to do anything for faster performance from your PC, then try lowering your display resolution. The lower it is, the faster your PC.



9. Turn off Active Desktop: Go to your Display Properties and switch to the Web tab. Uncheck View My Active Desktop As a Web Page. Since the Active Desktop option under Windows 98 uses a lot of system resources, this option can have a dramatic effect on the speed of the whole system.



10. Defragment Often: Windows 98's Defrag tool uses Application Acceleration from Intel which means that when you defragment your drive, data is physically arranged on the drive so that applications will load faster.



11. Take your PC to Bed: Using the Advanced Power Management feature under Windows 98 gives you the option to use the sleep command. That way, you can send your PC to sleep instead of shutting it down and then restarting it. It's as simple as pressing a button and then pressing the same button to wake it up. You can tell Windows after how many minutes/hours of inactivity to automatically sleep the machine in the Advanced Power Management section of the Control Panel.



12. Faster Internet Access: If you use the internet for reference and the sites you visit are rarely updated then try the following. In IE (the same can be done in Netscape) go to Tools, Internet Options. Next, click on Settings... in the Temporary Internet Files section. Finally, select Never for the first option and double the amount of storage space to use, click OK!



13. Benchmarking: Benchmarking can be very useful when run frequently. It can tell you how your PC's components are performing and then compare them to other machines like yours. For example, when you overclock your PC, you want to know how much more speed you have and whether it is stable. All this and more can be discovered using benchmarking. An excellent piece of software for doing this job is SiSoft Sandra which can be found in the Downloads File Archive!

14. Refresh the Taskbar without restarting: If you in some way change the taskbar, either in Regedit or elsewhere, you can refresh the task bar without restarting. Hold down Ctrl Alt Del, and double click on Explorer. Say Yes to close Explorer, but no to closing Windows. This will refresh the Taskbar and system tray.



15. Quick CD Eject: Instead of pushing the button on your drive, right-click your CD drive letter in My Computer and click on Eject. This will also remove any icons that have become associated with the CD drive.



16. Start Up Programs: Windows can be slowed down when programs run on start up. To eliminate this, check your Start up folder. You can access it from the start menu: Start, Programs, Start Up. Another way to eliminate programs from loading even before Windows actually starts is by doing the following: Click on Start, then Run. Type msconfig. It will take quite a long time for this program to load, but when you finally see it on your screen, explore the different tabs. They all have to do with how quickly your PC boots, so select what you want, and uncheck what you don't want!



17. Fonts: When Windows starts, it loads every single font in the Fonts folder. Therefore, the more fonts you have, the slower the booting process. To get rid of unwanted fonts, simply go to the Fonts folder under c:\windows and remove whatever you don't want. Fonts that have a red letter 'A' as their icon are system fonts, so don't delete them.



18. Stretching Wallpapers: Don't "stretch" your wallpaper in Windows 98 since it actually slows Windows down when you drag icons around on the desktop.



19. RAM Matters: If you have less than 32MB then you should seriously think of upgrading it to at least 64MB. Windows runs much more smoothly with 64MB or higher and tends to use less hard disk space for virtual memory.



20. Partitioning: A very nice little thing you can do to boost system performance. By partitioning your hard drive, splitting one physical drive into several logical ones, you can gain several advantages. 1. If you get a virus or you accidentally format a drive, not all will be lost. 2. By placing the swap file (Win386.swp) on a separate drive, The swap file will be less fragmented and thus, faster. 3. Place Windows on a separate drive and whenever you need to reinstall it, you rest assured that your data is safe on a separate drive. Partitioning can be done using a few programs such as FDisk which comes with DOS. However, FDisk formats everything on the hard disk before partitioning. Alternatively, you can use Partition Magic from Power Quest to partition your hard disk without losing your data.

Top Ten Tips To Improve System Speed

1.Let your PC boot up completely before opening any applications.



2.Refresh the desktop after closing any application. This will remove any unused files from the RAM.



3.Do not set very large file size images as your wallpaper. Do not keep a wallpaper at all if your PC is low on RAM (less than 64 MB).


4.Do not clutter your Desktop with a lot of shortcuts. Each shortcut on the desktop uses up to 500 bytes of RAM



5.Empty the recycle bin regularly. The files are not really deleted from your hard drive until you empty the recycle bin.



6.Delete the temporary internet files regularly.



7.Defragment your hard drive once every two months. This will free up a lot of space on your hard drive and rearrange the files so that your applications run faster.



8.Always make two partitions in your hard drive. Install all large Softwares (like PSP, Photoshop, 3DS Max etc) in the second partition. Windows uses all the available empty space in C drive as virtual memory when your Computer RAM is full. Keep the C Drive as empty as possible.




9.When installing new Softwares disable the option of having a tray icon. The tray icons use up available RAM, and also slow down the booting of your PC. Also disable the option of starting the application automatically when the PC boots. You can disable these options later on also from the Tools or preferences menu in your application.



10. Protect your PC from dust. Dust causes the CPU cooling fan to jam and slow down thereby gradually heating your CPU and affecting the processing speed. Use compressed air to blow out any dust from the CPU. Never use vacuum.



RAM IS THE WORKING AREA (DESKTOP) OF THE CPU, KEEP IT AS EMPTY AND UNCLUTTERED AS POSSIBLE!

Convert a FAT partition to NTFS

Convert FAT- NTFS


To convert a FAT partition to NTFS, perform the following steps.

Click Start, click Programs, and then click Command Prompt. In Windows XP, click Start, click Run, type cmd and then click OK.

At the command prompt, type CONVERT [driveletter]: /FS:NTFS. Convert.exe will attempt to convert the partition to NTFS.


NOTE:=
Although the chance of corruption or data loss during the conversion from FAT to NTFS is minimal, it is best to perform a full backup of the data on the drive that it is to be converted prior to executing the convert command.

DOS Command Index

DOS Command Index



APPEND

(External)

APPEND ;
APPEND [d:]path[;][d:]path[...]
APPEND [/X:on|off][/path:on|off] [/E]

Displays or sets the search path for data files. DOS will search the specified path(s) if the file is not found in the current path.


ASSIGN

(External)

ASSIGN x=y [...] /sta

Redirects disk drive requests to a different drive.


ATTRIB

(External)

ATTRIB [d:][path]filename [/S]
ATTRIB [+R|-R] [+A|-A] [+S|-S] [+H|-H] [d:][path]filename [/S]

Sets or displays the read-only, archive, system, and hidden attributes of a file or directory.


BACKUP

(External)

BACKUP d:[path][filename] d:[/S][/M][/A][/F:(size)] [/P][/D:date] [/T:time] [/L:[path]filename]

Makes a backup copy of one or more files. (In DOS Version 6, this program is stored on the DOS supplemental disk.)


BREAK

(Internal)

BREAK =on|off

Used from the DOS prompt or in a batch file or in the CONFIG.SYS file to set (or display) whether or not DOS should check for a Ctrl + Break key combination.


BUFFERS

(Internal)

BUFFERS=(number),(read-ahead number)

Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to set the number of disk buffers (number) that will be available for use during data input. Also used to set a value for the number of sectors to be read in advance (read-ahead) during data input operations.


CALL

(Internal)

CALL [d:][path]batchfilename [options]

Calls another batch file and then returns to current batch file to continue.


CHCP

(Internal)

CHCP (codepage)

Displays the current code page or changes the code page that DOS will use.


CHDIR

(Internal)

CHDIR (CD) [d:]path
CHDIR (CD)[..]

Displays working (current) directory and/or changes to a different directory.


CHKDSK

(External)

CHKDSK [d:][path][filename] [/F][/V]

Checks a disk and provides a file and memory status report.


CHOICE

(Internal)

CHOICE [/C[:]keys] [/N][/S][/T[:]c,nn] [text]

Used to provide a prompt so that a user can make a choice while a batch program is running.


CLS (Clear Screen)

(Internal)

CLS

Clears (erases) the screen.


COMMAND

(External)

COMMAND [d:][path] [device] [/P][/E:(size)] [/MSG][/Y [/C (command)|/K (command)]

Starts a new version of the DOS command processor (the program that loads the DOS Internal programs).


COMP

(External)

COMP [d:][path][filename] [d:][path][filename] [/A][/C][/D][/L][/N:(number)]

Compares two groups of files to find information that does not match. (See FC command).


COPY

(Internal)

COPY [/Y|-Y] [/A][/B] [d:][path]filename [/A][/B] [d:][path][filename] [/V]
or
COPY [/Y|-Y][/A][/B] [d:][path]filename+[d:][path]filename[...][d:][path][filename] [/V]

Copies and appends files.


COUNTRY

(Internal)

COUNTRY=country code,[code page][,][d:][filename]

Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to tell DOS to use country-specific text conventions during processing.


CTTY

(Internal)

CTTY (device)

Changes the standard I/O (Input/Output) device to an auxiliary device.


DATE

(Internal)

DATE mm-dd-yy

Displays and/or sets the system date.


DBLSPACE

(External)

DBLSPACE / automount=drives
DBLSPACE /chkdsk [/F] [d:]
DBLSPACE /compress d: [/newdrive=host:] [/reserve=size] [/F]
DBLSPACE /create d: [/newdrive=host:] [/reserve=size] [/size=size]
DBLSPACE /defragment [d:] ]/F]
DBLSPACE /delete d:
DBLSPACE /doubleguard=0|1
DBLSPACE /format d:
DBLSPACE [/info] [d:]
DBLSPACE /list
DBLSPACE /mount[=nnn] host: [/newdrive=d:]
DBLSPACE /ratio[=ratio] [d:] [/all]
DBLSPACE /size[=size] [/reserve=size] d:
DBLSPACE /uncompress d:
DBLSPACE /unmount [d:]

A program available with DOS 6.0 that allows you to compress information on a disk.


DEBUG

(External)

DEBUG [pathname] [parameters]

An MS-DOS utility used to test and edit programs.


DEFRAG

(External)

DEFRAG [d:] [/F][/S[:]order] [/B][/skiphigh [/LCD|/BW|/GO] [/H]
DEFRAG [d:] [/V][/B][/skiphigh] [/LCD]|/BW|/GO] [/H]

Optimizes disk performance by reorganizing the files on the disk.


DEL (ERASE)

(Internal)

DEL (ERASE) [d:][path]filename [/P]

Deletes (erases) files from disk.


DELOLDOS

(External)

DELOLDOS [/B]

Deletes all files from previous versions of DOS after a 5.0 or 6.0 installation.


DELTREE

(External)

DELTREE [/Y] [d:]path [d:]path[...]

Deletes (erases) a directory including all files and subdirectories that are in it.


DEVICE

(Internal)

DEVICE=(driver name)

Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to tell DOS which device driver to load.


DEVICEHIGH

(Internal)

DEVICEHIGH=(driver name)

Like DEVICE, DEVICEHIGH is used in the CONFIG.SYS file to tell DOS which device driver software to use for devices; however, this option is used to install the device driver into the upper memory area.


DIR

(Internal)

DIR [d:][path][filename] [/A:(attributes)] [/O:(order)] [/B][/C][/CH][/L][/S][/P][/W]

Displays directory of files and directories stored on disk.


DISKCOMP

(External)

DISKCOMP [d:] [d:][/1][/8]

Compares the contents of two diskettes.


DISKCOPY

(External)

DISKCOPY [d:] [d:][/1][/V][/M]

Makes an exact copy of a diskette.


DOS

(Internal)

DOS=[high|low],[umb|noumb]

Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to specify the memory location for DOS. It is used to load DOS into the upper memory area and to specify whether or not the upper memory blocks will be used.


DOSKEY

(External)

DOSKEY [reinstall] [/bufsize=size][/macros][/history][/insert|/overstrike] [macroname=[text]]

Loads the Doskey program into memory which can be used to recall DOS commands so that you can edit them.


DOSSHELL

(External)

DOSSHELL [/B] [/G:[resolution][n]]|[/T:[resolution][n]]

Initiates the graphic shell program using the specified screen resolution.


DRIVPARM

(Internal)

DRIVPARM= /D:(number) [/C] [/F:(form factor)] [/H:(number)] [/I][ /N][/S:(number)] [/T:(tracks)]

Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to set parameters for a disk drive.


ECHO

(Internal)

ECHO on|off
ECHO (message)

Displays messages or turns on or off the display of commands in a batch file.


EDIT

(External)

EDIT [d:][path]filename [/B][/G][/H][/NOHI]

Starts the MS-DOS editor, a text editor used to create and edit ASCII text files.


EMM386

(External)

EMM386 [on|off|auto] [w=on|off]

Enables or disables EMM386 expanded-memory support on a computer with an 80386 or higher processor.


EXE2BIN

(External)

EXE2BIN [d:][path]filename [d:][path]filename

Converts .EXE (executable) files to binary format.


EXIT

(Internal)

EXIT

Exits a secondary command processor.


EXPAND

(External)

EXPAND [d:][path]filename [[d:][path]filename[ . . .]]

Expands a compressed file.


FASTHELP

(External)

FASTHELP [command][command] /?

Displays a list of DOS commands with a brief explanation of each.


FASTOPEN

(External)

FASTOPEN d:[=n][/X]

Keeps track of the locations of files for fast access.


FC

(External)

FC [/A][/C][/L][/Lb n][/N][/T][/W][number] [d:][path]filename [d:][path]filename

or (for binary comparisons)
FC [/B][/number] [d:][path]filename [d:][path]filename

Displays the differences between two files or sets of files.


FCBS

(Internal)

FCBS=(number)

Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to specify the number of file-control blocks for file sharing.


FDISK

(External)

FDISK [/status]

Prepares a fixed disk to accept DOS files for storage.


FILES

(Internal)

FILES=(number)

Used in the CONFIG.Sys file to specify the maximum number of files that can be open at the same time.


FIND

(External)

FIND [/V][/C][/I][/N] ÒstringÓ [d:][path]filename[...]

Finds and reports the location of a specific string of text characters in one or more files.


FOR

(Internal)

FOR %%(variable) IN (set) DO (command)

or (for interactive processing)
FOR %(variable) IN (set) DO (command)

Performs repeated execution of commands (for both batch processing and interactive processing).


FORMAT

(External)

FORMAT d:[/1][/4][/8][/F:(size)] [/N:(sectors)] [/T:(tracks)][/B|/S][/C][/V:(label)] [/Q][/U][/V]

Formats a disk to accept DOS files.


GOTO

(Internal)

GOTO (label)

Causes unconditional branch to the specified label.


GRAFTABL

(External)

GRAFTABL [(code page)]
GRAFTABL [status]

Loads a table of character data into memory (for use with a color/graphics adapter).


GRAPHICS

(External)

GRAPHICS [printer type][profile] [/B][/R][/LCD][/PB:(id)] [/C][/F][/P(port)]

Provides a way to print contents of a graphics screen display.


HELP

(External)

HELP [command] [/B][/G][/H][/NOHI]

Displays information about a DOS command.


IF

(Internal)

IF [NOT] EXIST filename (command) [parameters]
IF [NOT] (string1)==(string2) (command) [parameters]
IF [NOT] ERRORLEVEL (number) (command) [parameters]

Allows for conditional operations in batch processing.


INCLUDE

(Internal)

INCLUDE= blockname

Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to allow you to use the commands from one CONFIG.SYS block within another.


INSTALL

(Internal)

INSTALL=[d: ][\path]filename [parameters]

Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to load memory-resident programs into conventional memory.


INTERLINK

(External)

INTERLINK [client[:]=[server][:]]

Connects two computers via parallel or serial ports so that the computers can share disks and printer ports.


INTERSVR

(External)

INTERSVR [d:][...][/X=d:][...] [/LPT:[n|address]] [/COM:[n|address]][/baud:rate] [/B][/V]
INTERSVR /RCOPY

Starts the Interlink server.


JOIN

(External)

JOIN d: [d:path]
JOIN d: [/D]

Allows access to the directory structure and files of a drive through a directory on a different drive.


KEYB

(External)

KEYB [xx][,][yyy][,][d:][path]filename [/E][/ID:(number)]

Loads a program that replaces the support program for U. S. keyboards.

LABEL

(External)

LABEL [d:][volume label]

Creates or changes or deletes a volume label for a disk.

LASTDRIVE

(Internal)

LASTDRIVE=(drive letter)

Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to set the maximum number of drives that can be accessed.

LOADFIX

(Internal)

LOADFIX [d:][path]filename [parameters]

Ensures that a program is loaded above the first 64K of conventional memory, and runs the program.

LOADHIGH

(Internal)

LOADHIGH (LH) [d:][path]filename [parameters]

Loads memory resident application into reserved area of memory (between 640K-1M).


MEM

(External)

MEM [/program|/debug|/classify|/free|/module(name)] [/page]

Displays amount of installed and available memory, including extended, expanded, and upper memory.


MEMMAKER

(External)

MEMMAKER [/B][/batch][/session][/swap:d] [/T][/undo][/W:size1,size2]

Starts the MemMaker program, a program that lets you optimize your computer's memory.


MENUCOLOR

(Internal)

MENUCOLOR=textcolor,[background]

Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to set the colors that will be used by DOS to display text on the screen.


MENUDEFAULT

(Internal)

MENUDEFAULT=blockname, [timeout]

Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to set the startup configuration that will be used by DOS if no key is pressed within the specified timeout period.


MENUITEM

(Internal)

MENUITEM=blockname, [menutext]

Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to create a start-up menu from which you can select a group of CONFIG.SYS commands to be processed upon reboot.


MIRROR

(External)

MIRROR [d:]path [d:] path [...]
MIRROR [d1:][d2:][...] [/T(drive)(files)] [/partn][/U][/1]

Saves disk storage information that can be used to recover accidentally erased files.


MKDIR

(MD) (Internal)

MKDIR (MD) [d:]path

Creates a new subdirectory.



MODE

(External)

MODE n
MODE LPT#[:][n][,][m][,][P][retry]
MODE [n],m[,T]
MODE (displaytype,linetotal)
MODE COMn[:]baud[,][parity][,][databits][,][stopbits][,][retry]
MODE LPT#[:]=COMn [retry]
MODE CON[RATE=(number)][DELAY=(number)]
MODE (device) CODEPAGE PREPARE=(codepage) [d:][path]filename
MODE (device) CODEPAGE PREPARE=(codepage list) [d:][path]filename
MODE (device) CODEPAGE SELECT=(codepage)
MODE (device) CODEPAGE [/STATUS]
MODE (device) CODEPAGE REFRESH

Sets mode of operation for devices or communications.


MORE

(External)

MORE < (filename or command)
(name)|MORE

Sends output to console, one screen at a time.



MOVE

(Internal)

MOVE [/Y|/-Y] [d:][path]filename[,[d:][path]filename[...]] destination

Moves one or more files to the location you specify. Can also be used to rename directories.



MSAV

(External)

MSAV [d:] [/S|/C][/R][/A][/L][/N][/P][/F][/video][/mouse]
MSAV /video

Scans your computer for known viruses.



MSBACKUP

(External)

MSBACKUP [setupfile] [/BW|/LCD|/MDA]

Used to backup or restore one or more files from one disk to another.



MSCDEX

(External)

MSCDEX /D:driver [/D:driver2. . .] [/E][/K][/S][/V][/L:letter] [/M:number]

Used to gain access to CD-ROM drives (new with DOS Version 6).



MSD

(External)

MSD [/B][/I]
MSD [/I] [/F[d:][path]filename [/P[d:][path]filename [/S[d:][path]filename

Provides detailed technical information about your computer.



NLSFUNC

(External)

NLSFUNC [d:][path]filename

Used to load a file with country-specific information.



NUMLOCK

(Internal)

NUMLOCK=on|off

Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to specify the state of the NumLock key.



PATH

(Internal)

PATH;
PATH [d:]path[;][d:]path[...]

Sets or displays directories that will be searched for programs not in the current directory.



PAUSE

(Internal)

PAUSE [comment]

Suspends execution of a batch file until a key is pressed.



POWER

(External)

POWER [adv:max|reg|min]|std|off]

Used to turn power management on and off, report the status of power management, and set levels of power conservation.



PRINT

(External)

PRINT [/B:(buffersize)] [/D:(device)] [/M:(maxtick)] [/Q:(value] [/S:(timeslice)][/U:(busytick)] [/C][/P][/T] [d:][path][filename] [...]

Queues and prints data files.



PROMPT

(Internal)

PROMPT [prompt text] [options]

Changes the DOS command prompt.



RECOVER

(External)

RECOVER [d:][path]filename
RECOVER d:

Resolves sector problems on a file or a disk. (Beginning with DOS Version 6, RECOVER is no longer available ).



REM

(Internal)

REM [comment]

Used in batch files and in the CONFIG.SYS file to insert remarks (that will not be acted on).



RENAME (REN)

(Internal)

RENAME (REN) [d:][path]filename [d:][path]filename

Changes the filename under which a file is stored.



REPLACE

(External)

REPLACE [d:][path]filename [d:][path] [/A][/P][/R][/S][/U][/W]

Replaces stored files with files of the same name from a different storage location.



RESTORE

(External)

RESTORE d: [d:][path]filename [/P][/S][/B:mm-dd-yy] [/A:mm-dd-yy][/E:hh:mm:ss] [/L:hh:mm:ss] [/M][/N][/D]

Restores to standard disk storage format files previously stored using the BACKUP command.



RMDIR (RD)

(Internal)

RMDIR (RD) [d:]path

Removes a subdirectory.



SCANDISK

(External)

SCANDISK [d: [d: . . .]|/all][/checkonly|/autofix[/nosave]|/custom][/surface][/mono][/nosummay]
SCANDISK volume-name[/checkonly|/autofix[/nosave]|/custom][/mono][/nosummary]
SCANDISK /fragment [d:][path]filename
SCANDISK /undo [undo-d:][/mono]

Starts the Microsoft ScanDisk program which is a disk analysis and repair tool used to check a drive for errors and correct any problems that it finds.



SELECT

(External)

SELECT [d:] [d:][path] [country code][keyboard code]

Formats a disk and installs country-specific information and keyboard codes (starting with DOS Version 6, this command is no longer available).



SET

(Internal)

SET (string1)=(string2)

Inserts strings into the command environment. The set values can be used later by programs.


SETVER

(External)

SETVER [d:]:path][filename (number)][/delete][/quiet]

Displays the version table and sets the version of DOS that is reported to programs.



SHARE

(External)

SHARE [/F:space] [/L:locks]

Installs support for file sharing and file locking.



SHELL

(Internal)

SHELL=[d:][path]filename [parameters]

Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to specify the command interpreter that DOS should use.



SHIFT

(Internal)

SHIFT

Increases number of replaceable parameters to more than the standard ten for use in batch files.



SORT

(External)

SORT [/R][/+n] < (filename)
SORT [/R][/+n] > (filename2)

Sorts input and sends it to the screen or to a file.



STACKS

(Internal)

STACKS=(number),(size)

Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to set the number of stack frames and the size of each stack frame.



SUBMENU

(Internal)

SUBMENU=blockname, [menutext]

Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to create a multilevel menu from which you can select start-up options.



SUBST

(External)

SUBST d: d:path
SUBST d: /D

Substitutes a virtual drive letter for a path designation.



SWITCHES

(Internal)

SWITCHES= [/K][/F][/N][/W]

Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to configure DOS in a special way; for example, to tell DOS to emulate different hardware configurations.



SYS

(External)

SYS [source] d:

Transfers the operating system files to another disk.



TIME

(Internal)

TIME hh:mm[:ss][.cc][A|P]

Displays current time setting of system clock and provides a way for you to reset the time.



TREE

(External)

TREE [d:][path] [/A][/F]

Displays directory paths and (optionally) files in each subdirectory.



TYPE

(Internal)

TYPE [d:][path]filename

Displays the contents of a file.



UNDELETE

(External)

UNDELETE [d:][path][filename] [/DT|/DS|/DOS]
UNDELETE [/list|/all|/purge[d:]|/status|/load|/U|/S[d:]|/Td:[-entries]]

Restores files deleted with the DELETE command.



UNFORMAT

(External)

UNFORMAT d: [/J][/L][/test][/partn][/P][/U]

Used to undo the effects of formatting a disk.



VER

(Internal)

VER

Displays the DOS version number.



VERIFY

(Internal)

VERIFY on|off

Turns on the verify mode; the program checks all copying operations to assure that files are copied correctly.



VOL

(Internal)

VOL [d:]

Displays a disk's volume label.



VSAFE

(External)

VSAFE [/option[+|-]...] [/NE][/NX][Ax|/Cx] [/N][/D][/U]

VSAFE is a memory-resident program that continuously monitors your computer for viruses and displays a warning when it finds one.



XCOPY

(External)

XCOPY [d:][path]filename [d:][path][filename] [/A][/D:(date)] [/E][/M][/P][/S][/V][/W][Y\-Y]
Copies directories, subdirectories, and files.



Syntax Notes


To be functional, each DOS command must be entered in a particular way: this command entry structure is known as the command's "syntax." The syntax "notation" is a way to reproduce the command syntax in print.

For example, you can determine the items that are optional, by looking for information that is printed inside square brackets. The notation [d:], for example, indicates an optional drive designation. The command syntax, on the other hand, is how YOU enter the command to make it work.


Command Syntax Elements

1. Command Name

The DOS command name is the name you enter to start the DOS program (a few of the DOS commands can be entered using shortcut names). The DOS command name is always entered first. In this book, the command is usually printed in uppercase letters, but you can enter command names as either lowercase or uppercase or a mix of both.

2. Space

Always leave a space after the command name.

3. Drive Designation

The drive designation (abbreviated in this book as "d:") is an option for many DOS commands. However, some commands are not related to disk drives and therefore do not require a drive designation. Whenever you enter a DOS command that deals with disk drives and you are already working in the drive in question, you do not have to enter the drive designator. For example, if you are working in drive A (when the DOS prompt A> is showing at the left side of the screen) and you want to use the DIR command to display a directory listing of that same drive, you do not have to enter the drive designation. If you do not enter a drive designation, DOS always assumes you are referring to the drive you are currently working in (sometimes called the "default" drive).

4. A Colon

When referring to a drive in a DOS command, you must always follow the drive designator with a colon (:) (this is how DOS recognizes it as a drive designation).

5. Pathname

A pathname (path) refers to the path you want DOS to follow in order to act on the DOS command. As described in Chapter 3, it indicates the path from the current directory or subdirectory to the files that are to be acted upon.

6. Filename

A filename is the name of a file stored on disk. As described in Chapter 1, a filename can be of eight or fewer letters or other legal characters.

7. Filename Extension

A filename extension can follow the filename to further identify it. The extension follows a period and can be of three or fewer characters. A filename extension is not required.

8. Switches

Characters shown in a command syntax that are represented by a letter or number and preceded by a forward slash (for example, "/P") are command options (sometimes known as "switches"). Use of these options activate special operations as part of a DOS command's functions.

9. Brackets

Items enclosed in square brackets are optional; in other words, the command will work in its basic form without entering the information contained inside the brackets.

10. Ellipses

Ellipses (...) indicate that an item in a command syntax can be repeated as many times as needed.

11. Vertical Bar

When items are separated by a vertical bar (|), it means that you enter one of the separated items. For example: ON | OFF means that you can enter either ON or OFF, but not both